Lyle N. Long AERSP 306
Copyright ©2006
The First “Birds”
•Archaeopteryx, 150 million years ago
Shipman, P. Taking Wing; Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight. Simon & Schuster, NY, New York.
Considered by many to be the first bird
Forms a link between reptiles and birds
“Although it is currently thought that Archaeopteryxcould sustain powered flight, it was probably not a strong flier; it may well have ran, leaped, glided, and flapped all in the same day.”
Birds and Insects
•Flapping flight is probably the most efficient way to fly at very small sizes •The aerodynamics of insects (eg mosquitoes, bees, dragonflies, ...) is quite complex since it is at relatively low Reynolds numbers •Many birds have moderate Reynolds numbers (~100K), and can be predicted using fairly traditional unsteady aerodynamics
“The Simple Science of Flight: From Insects to Jumbo Jets” by Henk Tennekes
“The Simple Science of Flight: From Insects to Jumbo Jets” by Henk Tennekes Large scale ornithopters are under development by Jim Delaurier at Univ. Toronto
http://www.ornithopter.net/
Greek Myth
•~3000 years ago •Daedalus and his son Icarus •Imprisoned on island of Crete •Built wings using wax •Icarus flew too close to sun and fell to death
Flapping Flight
•All early interest in manned flight involved mimicking (now called biomimetics) bird flight. Flapping devices are called ornithopters •Many disastrous results with men trying to fly •
Leonardo daVinci was fascinated by flight (35,000 words and 500 sketches) •But daVinci never really made any important aeronautical contributionsdaVinci Ornithopter
daVinci wing device ~1485
daVinci sketches ~1485
Balloons
•Nov. 21, 1783 hot air balloon carrying
de Rozierand d’Arlandes travels 5 miles across Paris •First human flight •Charles had a hydrogen-filed balloon in 1783 also •These triggered public’s interest in flight Balloons
Joseph Montgolfier(born 1740) and ÉtienneMontgolfier(born 1745)
Sir George Cayley (inventor of airplane)
Sir George Cayley (inventor of airplane)
First sketch of a now traditional airplane, 1804
Sir George Cayley (inventor of airplane)
1848
Sir George Cayley (inventor of airplane)
1852
Aeronautics
•Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, 1866 •Royal Aeronautical Society •American Rocket Society •Institute of Aeronautical Sciences •American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
William Henson (1812-1888)
Very influential designs, but he never flew them
John String fellow (friend of Henson)
1848 monoplane
John String fellow (friend of Henson)
1868 triplane
Felix DuTemple (1823-1890)
First successful powered model airplane. Had some full-sized airplanes but they did not achieve sustained flight
Alexander Mozhaiski
Russia 1825 -1890
Steam powered. Launched from Ski ramp. Did not sustain flight.
Otto Lilienthal(1848 –1896) Germany
http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/i/Lilienthal/library/Lilienthal_Practical_Exp.html
2000 successful glider flights. He died in 1896 in a glider crash. “sacrifices must be made” on tombstone. May have beat Wright brothers if he had lived longer. Book: “Der Vogelflug”
Picture I took at Munich Museum of Lilienthal’s Vehicle, 2003
Percy Pilcher(1867 –1899) From Glasgow, Scotland
Worked with Lilienthal, made glider flights
Determined that a 4 hp 40 lb engine and a 5 foot propeller would be needed for manned flight
Died while testing a glider in 1899
Octave Chanute (French-born lived in Chicago, 1832 –1910)
Book: “Progress in Flying Machines”
First serious aviation historian
Wright brothers read his work carefully
Samual Pierpoint Langley (U.S., 1834 –1906)
Pilotless Airplane 1896
Langley
Charles Manly and Samuel Langley 1903
Launching platform on Potomac 1903
Samual Pierpoint Langley (U.S., 1834 –1906)
Airplane breaks apart, Dec. 8, 1903
Nine days later on December 17th, Wilbur and Orville Wright succeeded where so many other had failed.
Samuel Langley never recovered from his failure; he died demoralized on February 28th 1906.
NASA Langley named after him
Wright Brothers
Wilbur, 1867 -1912Orville, 1871 -1948
Wright Brothers
•Great aeronautical engineers •Learned from people before them •Niether graduated from high school •Wilbur was born in Millville, Indiana and Orville was born in Dayton, Ohio •Father was a bishop in United Brethren Church •Mother was well educated and very mechanical •Started a bicycle sales and repair business in 1892 in Dayton •In 1895 they were making their own bicycles •The publicity of Lilienthal’s death renewed their interest in aeronautics, they had followed his work closely
Wright Brothers•Wilbur studied bird flight, and learned about wing twist there, which is similar in effect to ailerons •By 1899 they were both reading all they could (e.g. Lilienthal, Chanute, ...), and getting info from Smithsonian •They corresponded with Chanute •Kitty Hawk was chosen through their discussions with the U.S. Weather Bureau •They had a glider by Sept. 1900 •They followed closely Langley’s attempts at flight •Langley did not take the Wright brothers serioulsy
Wright Brothers
•No. 1 Glider •Kite •1900
Wright Brothers
Oct., 1900
Wright Brothers
Orville and Wilbur flying glider kite, 1901
Wright Brothers
Wilbur Gliding, 1901
Wright Brothers
Wilbur gliding 1902
Wright Brothers
1903
Wright Brothers
1903 Motor, 12 Hp, 200 lbs. Designed and built by Wrights.
Wright Brothers
Wilbur in damaged aircraft Dec.. 14, 1903
Wright Brothers
Getting ready for flight. They flipped a coin to see who would fly, Wilbur won but crashed on Dec. 14, 1903
Wright Brothers
First flight
Dec. 17, 1903
120 feet 12 seconds
Orville as pilot
Later that day they reached 852 feet and 59 sec. flight
Wilbur was 36 Orville was 32
Wright Brothers
89thflight in 1904
Wright Brothers
Flight of 1 hour 31 minutes in 1908
Wright Brothers
Click here for video of flight in 1907 with Wilbur as pilot.
from: http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/
Wright Brothers
•There was not a lot of press regarding the 1903 flight •There was some in 1904 •They kept their design fairly secret until patents were granted and the Army decided to buy some of their aircraft (in 1908) •They had a huge display and flight in Europe in 1908 •Louis Bleriot explained it was a new era •Wilbur made 104 flights in Europe in 1908 •A crash by Orville in 1908 killed his passenger and injured him •Recent studies on the Wright propeller showed it had up to 84% efficiency
Wright Brothers
1911 Glider
Wright Brothers
•Wilbur died at 45 (in 1912) of typhoid fever •Orville sold his company and retired in 1915 •He lived until 1948 •The Wright Flyer is displayed in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum
Glenn Curtiss
1924
1878 –1930
Started competing with Wright brothers in 1908, he was famous by 1910
Did not graduate high school Worked for Eastman (Kodak) Was into bicycle racing Built motorcycles. world speed record in 1904 (67 MPH)
Visited Wrights in 1904 in Dayton, led to friction between them later on.
“Red Wing” flew in 1908 “White Wing” flew in 1908 also “June Bug” won Scientific American prize in 1908 for flying 1 mile
Glenn Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
June Bug, 1908
Glenn Curtiss
•1908 Lead designer and pilot of "June Bug" •1908 "Flight engineer" for 1st Army dirigible trial •1909 Produced and sold first private aircraft in US •1909 Won first international air speed record with 46.5mph--Rheims,Fr. •1910 Long distance flying record of 150 miles from Albany to New York •1910 Established Flying School and Exhibition Company •1910 Trained Blanche Stuart Scott, the first American female pilot •1911 PILOT'S LICENSE NUMBER ONE for "June Bug" flight •1911 First successful pontoon aircraft in America •1911 "Father of Naval Aviation", HydroaeroplaneA-1 purchased by USN •1911 First dual pilot control •1911 First retractable landing gear (Hydroaeroplane) •1912 Developed and flew first flying boat--(Lake Keuka) World War I •1914-1918 Produced 6,000 "Jennys", trainer for WW I Post World War I •1919 CurtissNC-4 flying boat--first to cross the Atlantic •1919 Commenced private aircraft production with the Oriole
http://web.linkny.com/~curtiss/
Glenn Curtiss
•Wright brothers thought Curtiss stole their technology (filed suit in 1909), Curtiss lost and had to pay royalties in 1914 •Wright brothers chose not to participate in Scientific American contest (they could have won) •Curtiss worked closely with Alexander Graham Bell and the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA) •The Wright’s sold their company in 1915 •In 1929 the Wright company was merged into the Curtiss-Wright Corporation, which produced the P-40 dringWWII. Closed in 1948.
Curtiss Jenny (1914 –1927)
Curtiss Jenny. Model T of the skies. The Jenny was the first aircraft purchased in quantity by the American military, and consequently was the first mass-produced American aircraft. Used to train over ninety percent of American pilots during WW I, it played a key role at the beginning of what would become the most powerful air force on Earth. ( http://www.airventuremuseum.org/)
Propulsion
•Manned flight had to wait for engines with proper Hp/weight ratios •By 1865 Lenoir had 400 engines in Paris •1867 Otto and Langen developed 4-cycle engine in Germany •Daimler and Benz also developed 4-cycle engines in Germany •The Wright brothers designed and built engine in 1903 was crucial to their success •By 1945 there were 2200 Hp engines and aircraft were going 500 MPH
•It is important to recognize that the Wright brothers built upon the work of many people, which is usually true in science and engineering •If you have never been to the US Air Force museum in Dayton, you really must go there •The future: –What vehicles will you work on? –What are places such as the Skunk works working on today? –What is flying at Area 51?
No comments:
Post a Comment